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Best Practices: Operational Excellence

The following best practices translate the theoretical controls into concrete implementation guides. Each best practice includes Terraform examples, CI configurations, common anti-patterns, and maturity level indicators.

Overview of Best Practices

Best Practice Description Related Controls

Building and Securing a CI/CD Pipeline

Pipeline-as-Code, branch protection, approval gates, artifact versioning, deployment automation

WAF-OPS-010, WAF-OPS-050

Implementing Infrastructure as Code Consistently

Terraform remote state, module libraries, drift detection, brownfield migration, GitOps

WAF-OPS-020, WAF-OPS-090

Building an Observability Stack

Structured logging, distributed tracing, RED metrics, OpenTelemetry, dashboards, log retention

WAF-OPS-030

Alerting on Symptoms, Not Causes

SLO definition, burn-rate alerting, runbook linking, alert fatigue management

WAF-OPS-040, WAF-OPS-060

Maintaining Runbooks and Operational Documentation

Runbook template, versioning, review cadence, operational debt register

WAF-OPS-060, WAF-OPS-100

Blameless Postmortems and Continuous Learning

Postmortem process, blameless culture, action item tracking, trend analysis

WAF-OPS-070

Safe Deployments (Feature Flags, Canary, Blue/Green)

Progressive Delivery, feature flag management, automatic rollback, deployment strategy

WAF-OPS-080

For teams at the beginning of the OpsEx journey (Level 1 → 2)

  1. CI/CD Pipeline – Without a pipeline, no progress

  2. Observability Stack – Visibility as the next priority

  3. Runbooks – Codify knowledge before it is lost

For teams on the path to automation (Level 2 → 3)

  1. Infrastructure as Code – All infrastructure in code

  2. Symptom-Based Alerting – Combat alert fatigue

  3. Postmortems – Learn systematically from failures

For teams on the path to continuous improvement (Level 3 → 5)

  1. Safe Deployments – Minimize blast radius

  2. Operational Debt Register – Make toil visible and reduce it